Claims considered are the BE, agriculture, forest, nature, and network and energy infrastructure, with each connected to social, ecological, environmental, technical, economic, and policy-related constraints. We simultaneously considered major spatial claims and multiple renewable energy sources. We included spatial policies, various spatial claims, and other land-use constraints in developing renewable scenarios for 20. This study developed an analytical approach for a detailed spatial analysis of future solar PV, onshore wind, biomass, and geothermal and industrial waste heat potentials at a regional level and applied in the Dutch Province of Groningen. Similarly, heat particularly related to low-temperature demand applications in the built environment (BE) is highly spatially explicit. Spatially sensitive regional renewables’ potentials are greatly influenced by existing land-use claims and related spatial and environmental policies. The results imply that multiple land-use improves opportunities for energy crops in The Netherlands, but it will not be a panacea for large-scale introduction. The potential area of these two may be significant to the Dutch renewable energy targets. Two out of four of these options had a significant positive effect on energy crop competitiveness, but calculations contain major uncertainties. We studied four land-use combination options for willow short-rotation coppice in The Netherlands: with groundwater quality protection, drinking water production, conservation of traditional willow coppice flora and fauna, and use as an ecological corridor.Biophysically, almost all combination options studied are feasible, although some have sub-optimal willow yields. In this study, we evaluated the opportunities for energy crops in multiple land-use on three criteria: combinations should be biophysically feasible, they should have a positive effect on energy crop financial competitiveness, and their potential area should be significant. Though from the dataset available it was not possible to unequivocally predict the Cs-soil-to-wood-transfer, the generally low TFs observed point to the particular suitability for establishment of SRC on radiocaesium-contaminated land.Introduction of energy crops in multiple land use may be an opportunity to increase the overall land-use efficiency, improve energy crop competitiveness and enhance its introduction in regions with intensive land-use, such as Northwest Europe. Differences in the ageing rate of radiocaesium in the soil (hypothesised fraction of bioavailable caesium subjected to fast ageing for Trödje soils only 1% compared to other soils), exchangeable soil K (0.8-1.8 meq kg(-1) for Trödje soils and 1.5-5.8 meq kg(-1) for the other soils) and the ammonium concentration in the soil solution (0.09-0.31 mM NH4+ for the Trödje soils compared to 0.003-0.11 mM NH4+ for the other soils) are put forward as potential factors explaining the higher CF and TF observed for the Trödje soils. The wood-soil solution 137Cs concentration factor (CF) was significantly related to the potassium concentration in the soil solution. Apart from the weak yet significant exponential correlation between the Cs-TF and the solid/liquid distribution coefficient (R2 = 0.54) or the radiocaesium interception potential, RIP (R2 = 0.66), no single significant correlations between soil characteristics and TF were found. The TF recorded was generally small (0.00086-0.016 kg kg(-1)), except for willows established on sandy soil (0.19-0.46 kg kg(-1)). The soil-to-wood transfer factor (TF) of radiocaesium differed significantly between soil types. The soils differed among others in clay fraction (3-34%), radiocaesium interception potential (515-6884 meq kg(-1)), soil solution K (0.09-0.95 mM), exchangeable K (0.58-5.77 meq kg(-1)) and cation exchange capacity (31-250 meq kg(-1)). There was only one plot where willow stands of different maturity (R6S2 and R5S4: R, root age and S, shoot age) and clone (Rapp and L78183 both of age category R5S4) were sampled and no significant differences were found. The effects of crop age, clone and soil type on the radiocaesium levels in the wood were assessed following sampling in 14 existing willow SRC fields, planted on radiocaesium-contaminated land in Sweden following Chernobyl deposition. The feasibility of willow short rotation coppice (SRC) for energy production as a revaluation tool for severely radiocaesium-contaminated land was studied.
0 kommentar(er)
